This manual covers the comprehensive history of the concept of force, tracing its development from ancient times through modern physics. It details the foundational contributions of key figures such as Kepler and Newton, alongside contrasting interpretations offered by Leibniz, Boscovich, and Kant. The text also explores the perspectives of later scientists like Mach, Kirchhoff, and Hertz, providing an excellent presentation of the evolution of this fundamental scientific idea.

The purpose of this manual is to provide a thorough understanding of the conceptual journey of force in physics. It is intended for students, researchers, and anyone interested in the history of scientific thought, offering insights into the intellectual lineage that shaped our understanding of mechanics and dynamics. The detailed exploration ensures a deep appreciation for the scientific process and the reinterpretation of established principles over time.